DICTATION METHOD

Dictation has been used in language learning for several hundred years, and methodologists have often made pedagogical claims for its value. Davis and Rinvolucri (1988) write that "Decoding the sounds of English and recoding them in writing is a major learning task", and Frodesen (1991) writes that dictation can be "an effective way to address grammatical errors in writing that may be the result of erroneous aural perception of English.... Dictation can help students to diagnose and correct these kinds of errors as well as others". Montalvan (1990) writes that "as students develop their aural comprehension of meaning and also of the relationship among segments of language, they are learning grammar."

Despite claims such as these from respected methodologists, dictation is not widely used in ESL programs. Likewise, it has long been ignored in most teacher-training programs. The purpose of this paper is to re-introduce dictation as a valuable language learning device and to suggest ways for using it in an effective and interesting manner. Moreover Dictation is seen by many teachers as somewhat old-fashioned, a relic of the grammar-translation method that dominated language teaching until the last couple of decades of the 20th century. For many people it brings back unhappy memories of dull, uncommunicative and often difficult lessons, where the focus was fairly and squarely on accuracy of language.

Makalah Filsafat Ilmu Perkembangan Ilmu Pada Masa Yunani Kuno

BAB I

PENDAHULUAN

Yunani terletak di Asia Kecil. Kehidupan penduduknya sebagai nelayan dan pedagang ,sebab sebagian besar penduduknya tinggal di daerah pantai ,sehingga mereka dapat menguasi jalur perdagangan di laut tengah.

Kebiasaan mereka hidup di alam bebas sebagai nelayan itulah mewarnai kepercayaan yang dianutnya, yaitu berdasarkan kekuatan alam sehingga beranggapan bahwa hubungan manusia dengan Sang Maha Pencipta bersifat formalitas. Artinya, kedudukan Tuhan terpisah dengan kehidupan manusia.

           Kepecayaan, yang bersifat formalitas [natural religion] tidak memberikan kebebasan kepada manusia, ini ditentang oleh Homerus’’dengan dua buah karyanya yang terkenal, yaitu Ilias dan Odyseus.Kedua karya Homerus itu memuat nilai-nilai yang tinggi dan bersifat edukatif.sedemikian bersar peranan karya Homerus, sama kedudukannya seperti wayang purwa di Jawa. Akibatnya masyarakat lebih kritis dan rasional.

        Pada abad ke 6 SM, bermunculan para pemikir yang kepercayaan bersifat rasional[cultural religion] menimbulkan pergeseran.Tuhan tidak lagi terpisah dengan manusia, melainkan justru menyatu dengan kehidupan manusia.Sistim kepercayaan yang natural religious berubah menjadi sistim cultural religious.

       Dalam sistim kepercayaan natural religious ini manusia terikat oleh tradisionalisme. Sedangkan dalam sistim kepercayaan kultural religius ini memungkinkan manusia mengembangkan potensi dan budayanya dengan bebas, sekaligus dapat mengembangkan pemikirannya untuk menghadapi dan memecahkan berbagai misteri kehidupan/alam dengan akal pikiran.

listening is primary

LISTENING SKILLS TEACHING AND LEARNING

•    Defining 'listening'

Why we listen? Because we listen for many different purposes in and out of the classroom, this has an effect on the way we listen. So what is listening?. Yule and Brown (1983) make a useful distinction between interactional and transactional communication. McCarthy, (1991) in Discourse, defines transactional talk (and listening) as communication for getting business done. Interactional communication, on the other hand, has to do with lubricating the social wheels. In Listening (1988) Anderson and Lynch describe them as (transactional) listening when the main purpose is to achieve a successful transfer of information, while interactional listening is defined as listening for social reasons, and to establish or maintain friendly relations between interlocutors.

The linguist Howath and Dakin (1974) said “Listening is the ability to identify and understand what others are saying. This involves understanding a speaker’s accent and pronunciation, his grammar and his vocabulary and grasping his meaning.”

PACITAN TRAVELING SPOT

PANTAI KLAYAR SURGA DARI JAJARAN PANTAI SELATAN

Pantai Klayar adalah sebuah pantai yang sangat indah dan eksotik.
Klayar terletak kurang lebih 45 km sebelah barat Pacitan dan dapat dicapai dengan sepeda motor ataupun mobil. Perjalanan menuju ke sana adalah sebuah tantangan tersendiri yang akan memacu adrenalin karena jalan yang sempit dan rusak di beberapa bagian, kelokan tajam serta rute naik turun perbukitan. Ada beberapa ruas dengan tanjakan dan turunan cukup ekstrim. Namun demikian, keindahan pemandangan bukit dan lembah hijau akan menemani sepanjang perjalanan.
Pantai ini masih sangat sepi. Jika datang bukan pada hari libur, Anda hanya akan menemukan beberapa nelayan yang sedang memancing. Hamparan pasir putih membentang dengan ombak sejernih kristal memecah di bibir pantai, diapit bukit karang di kanan dan kirinya. Anda bisa naik ke bukit karang di sebelah kanan dan menikmati pemandangan landscape Klayar yang indah dari sebuah gardu pandang.

Essay and Tips

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